[Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux and its related factors in Sanandaj, 2014-2015]

Background and Aim: Gastroesophageal reflux disease [GERD] is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases and its prevalence rate in various countries, including Iran has been on the rise. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors and prevalence rate of this disease in Sanandaj

Materials and Methods: In this descriptive, analytical study, 430 people were selected via random cluster sampling. Data were collected by carrying out interviews with the participants from May 2014 to June 2015. Using a questionnaire, we recorded data about the demographic characteristics, symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease and risk factors for the disease. Then, we measured and recorded the participants' blood pressure, height, weight, and BMI. People who had experienced episodes of mild symptoms of heartburn for two days or more in a week or experienced moderate to severe symptoms for more than once in a week were regarded as cases of reflux. Data analysis was performed by using STATA-11 software

Results: From 410 patients, 41% were male and 59% [241 persons] were female with the mean age of 37.75 years. The prevalence rate of gastroesophageal reflux in the study population was 30%. We found no statistically significant difference between the patients and healthy individuals in relation to the risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux

Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of GERD in Sanandaj, it is of great importance to provide necessary training about the risk factors, prevention, and appropriate treatment of the disease for the public

[Comparing the effect of 8-weeks resistance training with different patterns of movement on the levels of adiponectin, leptin, testosterone and cortisol in sedentary men]

Introduction: Adipose tissue secretes different hormones, such as adiponectin, which regulates various biological functions. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the effects of resistance training with different patterns on Leptin, Adiponectin, Testosterone and cortisol in sedentary men

Materials and Methods: forty untrained men, aged 23.8 +/- 2.66 years and weight 67.43 +/- 4.96kg, voluntarily participated for this study and were randomly assigned toone of the four groups:upper, lower, whole body [3 session per week for 8 weeks,5 sets trainingwith60-85%of one repetition maximum]and control [each group n=10]. Blood samples [5cc] were taken from the subjects in three steps [pretest, week4 and the day after end of the eighth week]

Results: Results using analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that in the upper limb, after 8 weeks, fat percentage was decreased up to[7.39%] and leptin decreased [64.02%], adiponectin[90.42%],and testosterone increase significantly [24.19%] [P=0.001] relative to pretest. In the lower body, fat percentage [7.39%] and leptin [56.95%] decreased [P=0.001], while, adiponectin [87.82%][P<0.01], and testosterone [23.54%] significantly [P=0.001] increased relative to pretest. In whole body, body mass index [1.88%],muscle mass[2/24%] and adiponectin [91.56%] significantly increased [P=0.001]. In the meantime, leptin [59.3%] after eight weeks and cortisol [19.17%] after 4 weeks of training significantly decreased [respectively [P=0.001] and [P=0.001]] relative to pretest

Conclusion: In the present study types of resistance training caused increase in adiponectin and decrease in leptin. There was also an increase in testosterone levels and decrease fat percent in the upper and lower body groups. Results of this study, it indicate that resistance training among in active people is also associated with changes in hormone levels and can prevent cardiovascular disease in this group

[Investigation of nursing job satisfaction in university hospitals affiliated to Hormozgan university of medical sciences]

Today, health system is challenging with decreased or lack of nursing job satisfaction. Lack of nursing satisfaction that are major human resources of health, can lead to decrease quality of services, desertion, and work absence by nurses. Current study reviewed the nursing job satisfaction in teaching hospitals affiliated to Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. In descriptive-analytical study, 250 nurses selected from 14 clinical departments of 3 university hospitals by simple random sampling. Data gathered by WHO's standard questionnaire of satisfaction that included demographic data and 36 questions about professional, communication and cooperative, managerial, and financial benefits and facilities dimensions. Data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics, using SPSS Software. Nursing job satisfaction was 3.18 +/- 0.54 in moderate level. Average satisfaction of nursing from studied dimensions were respectively communication and cooperation 3.42 +/- 0.6, professional 3.35 +/- 0.6, managerial 2.63 +/- 0.83, and financial benefits and facilities 2.34 +/- 0.76. The relationship of individual dimensions with job satisfaction were respectively professional [r=0.94], managerial [r=0.79], communication and cooperative [r=0.78], and financial benefits and facilities [r=0.63]. Rate of nursing job satisfaction was moderate. The results of this study, showed that explaining the related dimensions on job satisfaction, can help hospitals' managers to manage better each of them by mechanisms such as reducing the professional stressful factors, improving the managerial methods, and justifing the payment system

Protective effect of Adenosine A1 receptor and ascorbic acid on hippocampal neuronal density and memory disorder in ischemia reperfusion induced Rats

Brain ischemia is one of the most important factor of morbidity and mortality and leaving many people with mental and physical disabilities. Until now there are no appropriate medications to prevent and cure ischemic injury. This study was done to evaluate the protective effect of Adenosine A1 receptor and ascorbic acid on hippocampal neuronal density and memory disorder in ischemia reperfusion induced Rats. This experimental study was performed on the hippocampus pyramidal neurons on 56 male BALB/c mice. Animals randmly allocated into 8 groups [N=7] including: 1] intact, 2] ischemic control group, 3] ischemic, plus agonist and adenosine of A1 receptor, 4] ascorbic acid [100 mg/daily], 5] ischemic plus agonist adenosine receptor [1 mg/1 kg] one week after ischemia, 6] ischemia, ascorbic acid befor and after ischemia and A1 receptor [1 mg/1 kg] agonist after ischemia, 7] A1 receptor, antagonist [2.25 / 1 kg], one weed after ischemia, 8] Ascorbic acid [100 mg/1kg] before and after ischemia plus A1 receptor antagonist [2.25 / 1 kg] after ischemia. Ischemia induced by clamping of common carotid artery and the drugs was injected subsequently into peritoneum after reduction of inflammation of ischemic zone. The Y-maze memory test performed after completing the treatment period, afterward brains fixed and prepared for microscopic nissl staining method. The counting of pyramidal cells were performed at 53500 square micrometer of CA1. Data were analyzed using SPSS-15 and ANOVA test. The Y-maze test showed extensive de?cit in short-term memory in ischemic group [PA=200] but in treatment groups this deficit significantly reduced [PA=243, 248 and 265]. The normal neuronal cell in ischemic group was significantly lowered [n=87] than treatment groups [n=111, 105 and 125] including ascorbic acid group [125], adenosine receptor agonist [105] and ascorbic acid plus agonist adenosine receptor [111]. The number of normal neuronal cell in ischemic groups significantly is reduced compared to treatment group [P<0.05]. This study showed that concurrent treatment of ascorbic acid and Adenosine A1 receptor agonist can significantly reduce the complications caused by brain ischemia in CA1 area of hippocampus

Dual addictions, parallel treatments: nicotine replacement therapy for patients receiving methadone treatment in the Islamic Republic of Iran

This parallel, randomized, open-ended clinical trial tested the impact of nicotine replacement pharmacotherapy during the course of methadone treatment among opiate abusers. A total of 424 men entered the study at 4 drug treatment centres in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. The intervention group received a 6-week regimen of nicotine replacement pharmacotherapy at no charge. After 6 months, 211 persons [99.5%] in the control group continued to smoke and 1 person [0.5%] had quit. In the intervention group, 117 [55.1%] persons smoked, 15 [7.1%] persons had quit and 80 [37.7%] had reduced by more than 50% the number of cigarettes they smoked at the start of the study [P < 0.0001]. The findings suggest that the use of nicotine replacement pharmacology in tandem with methadone maintenance treatment can lead to dramatically improved efficacy for treatment of dual addictions

[Effects of olive oil consumption on stroke complications, particularly in the hippocampal region, in mice]

Preliminary studies have shown reductions in apoptosis in brain ischemia following treatment with antioxidants. In this study, the relationships between consumption of olive oil and apoptosis in hippocampal neurons and changes in memory following brain ischemia in mice were determined. Three groups of 7 mice each were included in the study: healthy, ischemic control, and treatment groups. The mice were treated with olive oil as a pre-treatment for a week [tube-feeding]. Ischemia was then induced by common carotid artery occlusion. This was followed, after the inflammation in the ischemic area was reduced, by furher treatment for a week with olive oil. Histological examinations were made using Nissl staining for counting necrotic cells, TUNEL kit was used to quantify apoptotic cell death, and short-term memory scale was determined by the shuttle box test In the ischemic group high rates of necrosis and apoptotosis were seen, which were associated with short-term and spatial memory loss. Apoptosis rate in the treatment group was much less than in the ischemic group, confirming results of the memory tests. Ischemia-reperfusion for 15 minutes induces vast and permanent cell death in the hippocampus in mice, particularly in the CA1 region. Olive oil consumption significantly reduces cell death and decreases memory loss

[Corneal endothelial cell density and morphology after photorefractive keratectomy with mitomycin C]

To assess the short-term effect of Mitomycin-C [MMC] 0.02% on endothelial cell density and morphology after photorefractive keratectomy [PRK] in patients with moderate myopia. Forty-two eyes of 21 participants with moderate myopia [range, -4.0 to -8.0 D] underwent PRK with MMC 0.02% for 40 seconds. Specular microscopy was performed preoperatively and repeated 6 months after surgery to determine any change in central endothelial cell density [ECD], mean cell area [MCA], and coefficient of variation in cell size [CV]. Mean patient age was 26.2 +/- 6.3. Mean preoperative spherical equivalent refractive error was -5.2 +/- 1.2 D which was reduced to -0.4 +/- 0.5 D postoperatively [P < 0.001]. Mean ECD was reduced insignificantly from 2920 +/- 363 cells/mm2 preoperatively to 2802 +/- 339 cells/mm2 postoperatively [P = 0.59]. Similarly, there was no significant change in MCA [P= 0.76] or CV [P= 0.52] at six months. Intraoperative MMC 0.02% applied for 40 seconds during PRK for moderate myopia did not significantly change central corneal endothelial cell density and morphology after 6 months

[Intraoperative mitomycin-C versus bevacizumab on success rate of phacotrabeculectomy]

To compare the success rate of mitomycin-C Versus bevacizumab for prevention of bleb failure following phacotrabeculectomy. In this study 74 eyes of 69 patients with uncontrolled IOP, progressive visual field loss and cataract were randomized in two groups. In the first group, after conjunctival peritomy at the sclera flap site, sponge pats soaked in mitomycin C with concentration of 0.25mg/ml were applied for 3 minutes. In the second group, bevacizumab with concentration of 1.25mg/0.5ml was injected adjacent to the bleb at the end of surgery. Seventy four eyes of 69 patients including 41 men and 28 women with mean age of 66.92 +/- 9.8 years and 64.57 +/- 8.8 years in either study group respectively were included. Data collected from 6 to 12 months after surgery were analyzed. Mean intraocular pressure in the bevacizumab group was significantly higher than the MMC group [15.91 +/- 4.9 mmHg vs 12.76 +/- 3.1 mmHg, P= 0.001] at 6 months and [15.76 +/- 3.26 mmHg vs 13 +/- 2.4 mmHg, P= 0.003] at the end of 12 months. Bleb characteristics including extension, elevation and vascularity showed no significant difference between two groups. [P values 0.94, 0.93, 0.41 after 6 months, and 0.56, 0.58, 0.89 after 1 year of follow up respectively]. One eye in the second group underwent trabeculectomy because of uncontrolled IOP despite using 3 antiglaucoma medication. One eye in each group underwent bleb revision due to failing bleb. No sides effects related to the medications were noted in any of the two groups. Mitomycin C is more effective than bevacizumab for IOP control after phacotrabeculectomy; however, there is no difference between the two agents in terms of bleb characteristics and side effects

[Rose-K versus conventional RGP contact lenses for management of keratoconus]

To compare Rose-K and conventional RGP contact lenses in terms of visual acuity, visual function and comfort in keratoconus patients. Fifty-four patients with keratoconus were randomly fitted with Rose-K and conventional RGP contact lens [Wohlk contact lens], by one experienced ophthalmologist using a standard [three touch point] approach. General and demographic information, KR values, far and near visual acuity without and with contact lenses, daily contact lens wearing time, daily need for lens removal, patient comfort with contact lens, and visual function score[based on VFQ-25 questionnaire] at initial and follow up visits were measured and compared. Both Rose-K and conventional RGP [Wohlk] lenses improved far and near visual acuity in all patients and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups [P=0.88].Daily contact lens wearing time and patients comfort with lenses was greater in the Rose-K group [P<0.001]. Daily need for lens removal was almost equal in the two groups [mean=1.4 hr, P=0.83]. There was significant improvement in visual function in all patients with use of contact lenses, but there was no significant difference between the two groups [p=0.45]. Both lenses improve visual acuity and function in patients with keratoconus, but Rose-K lenses are a good therapeutic alternative for rehabilitation of keratoconus patients; they offer more comfort in comparison to conventional RGP contact lenses

Anti-inflammatory effect of thymus kotschyanus boiss. and hohen. extract on rat's hind paw edema induced by carrageenan

Advantages of herbal drugs have been known to human being for many years and they have been used for treatment of many diseases. Nowadays, inflammation is known to be one of the basic pathologic causes of the diseases. In this study the anti-inflammatory effects of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss and Hohen was investigated. Forty two Wistar rats were used into three divided groups. In the first group, extract of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss and Hohen in doses of 50,100,150,200 mg/kg was injected intra peritoneal and after one hour they were treated with hind paw edema test with carrageenan. In the second group, Indomethacin with the dose of 5 mg/kg was injected one hour before carrageenan and in the third one, saline was injected before carrageenan, every hours after carrageenan injection to rat's right hind paw; the inflammation was separately measured by the change in the volume of mercury [plethysmometer]. Indomethacin and Thymus kotschyanus Boiss and Hohen extract had significantly reduced edema in all five measurements [p<0.001]. There was no significant difference between Indometacin and the extract in reducing edema in the first to fourth hour, but in the fifth hour, the herbal drug showed a significant difference of anti-inflammatory effect with Indometacin in all doses [p<0.05]. The methanolic extract of Thymus kotschyanus Boiss and Hohen has anti-inflammatory effect in all doses which is dose dependant and can be used instead of or as a synergist for Indometacin. Higher doses of herbal extract may have more anti-inflammatory effects

Prevalence and characterization of listeria species in domestic and industrial cheeses of Isfahan region

Listeria monocytogenes is of major concern to the food industry in general and the dairy industry in particular. Little is known about incidence of this pathogenic bacterium in dairy products in Iran. A survey was made from 23 September 2006 to 22 June 2007 for Listeria species in ninety samples of traditional and industrial cheeses, in milk and surface where the cheeses were manufactured from unpasteurized raw milk in the province of Isfahan [Iran]. Listeria murrayi, L. grayi and L. ivanovii, were detected in nine traditional cheeses and one a raw milk sample. None of the different Listeria species were isolated from the industrial cheeses and their environment. There are almost good hygienic conditions in domestic cheese manufacturing farmhouses in Isfahan area, but we should try to improve hygienic levels until we have none of the Listeria spp. in our samples

Heme oxigenase 2 gene polymorphisms as genetic risk factor in atherosclerosis in Iranian patients

Heme oxygenase 2 [HMOX2] is an important antioxidative stress enzyme found in the endothelial cells of blood vessels and adventitial nerves. This enzyme in collaboration with heme oxygenase 1 metabolizes heme molecules into ferrous iron, carbon monoxide [CO] and biliverdin while the later is further converted to bilirubin. Both biliverdin and bilirubin are potent antioxidants, reducing the chance of atherosclerosis. HMOX2 also induces endothelial relaxation by synthesizing CO. Heme oxygenase 2 gene mutations were studied in 137 patients with atherosclerosis and in 100 normal controls. Pairs of primers were designed to amplify 2[nd], 3[rd] and 5[th] exons of HMOX2 gene. These products were analyzed by single strand conformation polymorphism [SSCP] analysis and the shifted fragments were separated from SSCP polyacrylamide gel for further sequencing. Two sequence variations were observed among 13 patients with atherosclerosis, consisting of C to A substitution in codone A70D [GCC to GAC] which was reported for the first time and A to G substitution in codone K89E [AAG to GAG]. A significant association was noticed between A to G mutation in codon K89E of hemoxygenase 2 gene and the risk of atherosclerosis was supported with p=0.01 and chi[2]>6.82. However, no significant associations were observed among C to A substitution in codon A70D, p=0.11 and chi[2]>2.97 and the risk of atherosclerosis. Our findings denoted to the importance of K89E mutation in the development of atherosclerosis in Iranian cases. Further studies are required to show the importance of hemoxygenase 2 gene mutation in other populations

[Prediction of likelihood of ground falling in hospitalized old patients in Isfahan; by using Morse fall scale]

High incidence of ground falling in hospitalized old patients is an important cause for concern in every treatment system. A very common fall assessment tool is Morse Falls Scale. This study was designed to determine the probability of falling in hospitalized old patients in Isfahan, 2009. This was a cross-sectional descriptive analytic study. Sample size included 400 subjects who were selected by Quata sampling method. We used a questionnaire consisted of two parts, the first part comprised demographic characteristics, number of drugs, diagnosis, name of the hospital and ward, and the second part included Morse Fall Scale. The questionnaire was completed for every subject by trained interrogators. Data was analyzed by means of Chi-square test. This study showed that risk of ground falling had a relation with mean age, history of falling within the last three months, kind of ambulatory aids, having IV/Heparin Lock, estate of walking, mental status, drug consumption of 3 or more drugs, suffering from cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases. In general, risk of ground falling threats 50% of hospitalized old patients. Ground falling is an important threat for hospitalized old patients and is an important problem for care health services. Nurses can recognize patients at risk of falling. Fulfillment of preventive programs can decrease rate of ground falling in hospitalized old patients

Comparison between intravenous and intramuscular administration of prostaglandin E2 on management of missed abortion

To compare the efficacy of two routes of prostaglandin E2 administration [Intravenous and Intramuscular] for treatment of missed abortion this study was conducted. Regarding the pilot cases of missed abortion admitted for termination of pregnancy intravenous administration of PGE2 that had higher efficacy compare to intramuscular route, investigators designed this study. In a randomized clinical trail, 50 women with confirmed missed abortion received 250-500 ?g prostaglandins E2 either intravenously or intramuscularly. Evacuation time set from drug injection to complete empting of uterus. Complete uterine evacuation was defined as empting of uterus from pregnancy materials without the need for surgical intervention and partial evacuation defined as incomplete empting of uterus that need further surgical management. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 13. All the data extracted with a checklist and compare by descriptive statistics and X2 and t-tests. There was no statistically difference between the results of two administration routes. The mean of evacuation time in intravenous administration routes was significantly lower in compare to intramuscular administration routes [P < 0.5]. There was no statistically significant difference in the demographic data in two groups. There was no preference between two administration routes except for evacuation time that occurred more rapidly in intravenous administration of PG E2

[Effect of religious fasting on basal tear secretion, tear break up time and intraocular pressure]

To compare the effect of religious fasting on basal tear secretion [BTS], tear break up time [TBT] and intraocular pressure [IOP] in Ramadan 2005. One-hundred fifty-six healthy male volunteers less than 40 years of age from Tehran, Zahedan, Ahvaz, Mashhad and Tabriz with no ocular and systemic disease participated in this study. Weight, urine specific gravity, BTS, TBT and IOP were measured at 8:00 AM one week before as well as at 8:00 AM and 5.00 PM in the third week of Ramadan. Mean age of participants was 30 +/- 5.9 years. Duration of fasting was 12-13 hours. Mean TBT, BTS and IOP decreased by 1.8 second [P<0.0001], 2.1 mm [P<0.0001] and 0.5 mmHg [P<0.0001], respectively at 5:00 PM in the third week of Ramadan compared to 8:00 AM one week before Ramadan. IOP reduction was not clinically significant. Significant decrease in BTS and TBT was seen after three weeks of religions fasting

[ effect of antioxidants [vitmin E and C] on preeclampsia in primipar women]

Precelampsia with prevalancy of 5-10% is one of the important causes of maternal morbidity and mortality and neonatal prematurity that prevention of it has aessential role in reduction of maternal and fetal mortality. Pathogenesis of disease is endothelial dysfunction and free radicals can exaggerate of endothelial damage.This study designed to evaluate antioxidants [vit E,C] effect on preeclampsia in primipar women. This study was a randomized clinical trial in 580 primipar women that randomized in two treatment and control groups. To the Treatmet group in 18-22w of gestation during routin prenatal care vitamin E [400 IU] and vitamin C [lg] administrated daily until end of pregnany. Control group recieved routin ferrous sulfate and incidence of preeclampisa compared in two-group. Data analyzed by chi-square test. Incidence of preeclampsia was 1.7% in treatment group and 6.2% in control group [p<0.05]. antioxidant [vit E,C] have an effect on reduction of preeclampsia incidence

[ effect of essence of Citrus aurantium on the electrophysiological properties of isolated perfused rabbit AV-node]

Pharmacological studies and traditional medical literature point to the cardiovascular effects of the Citrus aurantium L. [Rutaceae] in many instances. In the present study, we used isolated perfused AV-node of rabbit as an experimental model to determine the effect of various concentrations of essence of Citrus aurantium [0.1-0.3 v/v] on electrophysiological properties of isolated heart. The second goal of the present study was to assess the protective role of essence of Citrus aurantium on arrhythmogenic effects of ouabain. This was a semi-experimental study. We used isolated perfused rabbit AV-nodal preparation, in three groups. In the first group, the effect of various concentration of the Citrus aurantium [0.1, 0.2, 0.3 ml/l] was assesed on the AV-node. In the second and third groups, the effect of Citrus aurantium was tested in the presence of ouabain [0.1 micro molar] and verapamil [0.1 micro molar]. We used 6 rabbit in each group. Statistical analysis was preformed by SPSS Mean +/- SE was used in the all results. Our results showed depressant effects of extract of Citrus aurantium on Wenchebach Cycle Length [WBCL], AV Conduction Time [AVCT], Effective and Functional Refractory Periods [ERP and FRP]. Rate-dependent properties such as Facilitation and fatigue significantly increased by Citrus.a [0.3ml/l]. We had significant increase in the AVCT [32.6 +/- 3.6 to 40 /- 6.08 msec] and FRP [147 +/- 5.1 to 166.6 +/- 3.6 msec] by Citrus.a. We had a protective role of Citrus aurantium on ouabain induced AV-nodal depression. The magnitude of facilitation and fatigue in the concentration of 0.3 C.aurantium was 7.5 +/- 0.3 and 6.5 +/- 0.5, respectively. The above results indicated potential inhibitory and antiarrhythmic effect of Citrus aurantium in treating supraventricular tachyarrhythmia

[Congenital cataract with pre-existing posterior capsule defect]

To evaluate the diagnostic signs, intraoperative complications and postoperative outcomes in children with congenital cataract and pre-existing posterior capsule defect [PPCD]. This interventional case series was conducted on 14 eyes of 7 patients who underwent lensectomy-anterior vitrectomy for congenital cataract with PPCD. All children had bilateral cataract. Preoperative diagnostic sign of PPCD detected under maximum pupil dilation in patients without a mature cataract included a well-demarcated horizontal oval defect with white margin and scattered white dots around the defect. The greatest lens opacity was over the defect itself. In patients with mature cataract, PPCD was diagnosed during operation. Bimanual irrigation/aspiration and 2-port anterior vitrectomy was performed in all cases. The patients included in 2 girls and 5 boys with mean age of 11.4 +/- 4.1 month. PPCD was diagnosed preoperatively in 5 patients [10 eyes] and intraoperatinely in 2 patients [4 eyes]. Intraocular lens was implanted in 2 eyes of one patient and 12 eyes were left aphakic. Except for nucleus dislocation into the anterior vitreous in our first case which was successfully removed, no other intraoperative complication occurred. During a mean follow up of 21.1 +/- 7.1 month [18-36 month] the visual axis remained clear in all the eyes. Establishing the diagnosis of PPCD preoperatively with fully dilated pupil and careful surgical planning prevents intraoperative complications and produces satisfactory technical results

[Prediction of visual outcome after penetrating keratoplasty for pseudophakic and aphakic corneal edema]

To evaluate the ability to predict visual outcome after penetrating keratoplasty [PKP] in patients with pseudophakic or aphakic corneal edema [PCE or ACE]. Medical records of 34 patients [34 eyes] who underwent PKP for PCE or ACE during 1994-2004 in Ahvaz were retrospectively analyzed for variables in the history and ocular examination before PKP and visual outcome after PKP. The predictive value of each preoperative variable including age, gender, method of intraocular lens [IOL] implantation, vitreous loss during cataract surgery, time between cataract and PKP surgery, and history of glaucoma or increased intraocular pressure [IOP] before PKP surgery on post-PKP visual outcome was assessed using logistic regression analysis. Odds ratio [OR] with 95% confidence interval [95% CI] was calculated for predictive factors. Mean follow-up was 23.6 months. Best corrected visual acuity [BCVA] of 20/200 or better was achieved in 17 patients [50%]. The strongest predictors of this outcome were time between cataract surgery and PKP [P=0.008, OR=3.50, 95% CI; 0.48-31.18], aphakia [P=0.027, OR=4.29, 95% CI; 0.36-114.8] and no history of glaucoma or increased IOP before PKP [P=0.020, OR=3.75, 95% CI; 0.71-21.41]. In patients with PCE and ACE who are candidates for PKP, time between cataract and PKP less than 20 month, no history of glaucoma or increased IOP before PKP, aphakia versus presence of IOL are associated with a better visual outcome

[ evaluation of fish oil [Omega-3 fatty acids] efficacy in treatment of primary dysmenorrhea in high school female students in Hamadan]

Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the common causes of absence from work place and life quality among women. According to some studies, fish oil administration results in production of weaker prostaglandin's [PG] and reduces the severity of dysmenorrhea. The aim of this study is to experience the efficacy of fish oil on dysmenorrhea, which is a cheap drug and with low side effects. In this clinical trial, the students separated into two groups those affected with primary dysmenorrhea by referring to girls' high schools and complete the questionnaires. In the next stage randomly were selected two groups each group included 22 students with primary dysmenorrhea. In first group fish oil capsules and the other group placebo were recommended for duration of two months. These students were evaluated before drug recommendation, at the end of two months treatment and two months afterward. In these three stages pain severity by VAS [Visual Analogue Scale] system and pain duration by Cox scaling system were be recorded in each group. There is not meaningfull statistically difference in the average age, age of menarche, menstrual condition [regular or irregular] and accompaniment with symptoms of PMS [premenstrual syndrome] between fish oil and placebo groups. Before recommendation of capsules the average of pain severity did not have a meaningful statistically difference between two groups. The average pain duration also had similar situation. After two months treatment, the average of pain severity [VAS] in fish oil group was significantly less than which in placebo group [p<0.05]. Also the average of pain duration in fish oil group was less than which in placebo group with a statistical difference of [p<0.05]. Moreover, two months after the end of treatment the average of pain severity [VAS] and pain duration [hour] had meaningfull statistically difference between fish oil and placebo groups and were less in fish oil group. As compared with placebo, the fish oil capsule after two months of consumption had a significant effect on reduction of pain severity and duration in primary dismenorrhea. Also two months afterward from the end of this clinical trial the effect was more than placebo